Research Methods

How QCA finds the combinations of conditions that produce an outcome: calibration, truth tables, consistency and coverage, and the errors that discredit results.

Outcome mapping tracks behaviour change in the partners a programme works through, not the impact it cannot control. The three stages, progress markers, and real limits.

A participatory group method for surfacing the secondary and unintended effects of a programme. How a REM session runs, how the map is coded, and what it cannot show.

Brinkerhoff’s method deliberately studies the best and worst cases rather than the average. How it works, what it can support, and the sampling objection it must answer.